Hall Of Fame

Real estate and construction in Lithuania

Cobalt

Cobalt‘s real estate and infrastructure team is highly skilled in advising on transactions, PPPs, and joint ventures, and has a strong track record in handling a number of high-profile projects in the region. The practice is led by Simona Oliškevičiūtė-Cicėnienė, who brings two decades of experience in assisting with related private equity transactions and M&A and often acts for local and international investors and government entities. Artūras Kojala has expertise in advising on logistics, waste management and retail work in the space, and is adept at handling zoning and planning issues. Vydmantas Grigoravičius is well versed in assisting with leasing work and disputes.

Responsables de la pratique:

Simona Oliškevičiūtė-Cicėnienė


Autres avocats clés:

Artūras Kojala; Vydmantas Grigoravičius; Aušrys Šliavas


Les références

‘Cobalt’s team understands my business and provides much wider support than just legal services. It is a great partner during a negotiation phase.’

‘Cobalt’s lawyers are professional and follow the highest ethical standards. I am comfortable knowing that I will get professional support.’

Principaux clients

BaltCap Infrastructure Fund


EECP AS


LIDL


Northern Horizon / Baltic Horizon Fund


Prosperus Asset Management


Union Asset Management


Acquila Capital Management GmbH


European Energy A/S


Lithuanian Railways conversion project “Vilnius connect”


InReal


Principaux dossiers


  • Advising BaltCap Infrastructure Fund on the development and construction of the National Stadium in Lithuania.
  • Advised the Norwegian investment company EECP on the sale of a portfolio of retail stores in Lithuania.

Ellex

Ellex‘s large real estate and environmental practice is well versed in handling planning, transactions and commercial leasing matters, as well as handling development mandates involving shopping centres, wind farms and the construction of museums, to name a few areas. The department is jointly led by Olga Petroševičienė and Audrius Petkevicius, who brings expertise in land matters and construction issues. Dovile Stancikaite is a name to note for high-profile lease matters. Gabrielė Vazniokaitė's workload includes litigation and infrastructure and energy development work. Other key practitioners include Nijole Vaiciunaite and associate Dominykas Užkurnys, who brings experience in territorial planning matters.

Responsables de la pratique:

Olga Petroševičienė; Audrius Petkevičius


Autres avocats clés:

Dovile Stancikaite; Gabrielė Vazniokaitė; Nijole Vaiciunaite; Dominykas Užkurnys


Les références

‘The top-quality services with wide knowledge in all business segments, proactivity, client focus, ethics.’

‘Olga Petroševičienė is just brilliant. She’s not only an extremely experienced real estate lawyer, but also a very client-oriented person.’

Principaux clients

Akropolis Group


Baltic Sea Properties


Danske Bank


Deka Immobilien


E-Energija UAB


Galio Group


H&M


Hollister Incorporated


KAMIDA GROUP


Lords LB Asset Management


Maxima Group


Maxima LT


Partners Group Holding AG


Reefo


Rewo


SEB Bank


SUNOTEC


Telia


Thermo Fisher Scientific Baltics


Veho group


Vilniaus Prekyba


Vlantana


VMG Group


VPH


Windfarm Akmene One, UAB (Abovo UAB)


Windfarm Akmene Two, UAB (Abovo UAB)


Workland


Principaux dossiers


  • Assisted Lords LB Asset Management with leasing a total area of 18,000 sq. m in Vilnius.
  • Assisting Seduva Jewish Memorial Fund with the development of the Lithuanian Jewish Culture and Heritage initiative “Lost Shtetl”.
  • Advised Lords LB Asset Management on the lease of premises in a business centre in the central business district of Vilnius.

Sorainen

Sorainen‘s real estate and construction team provides support to a solid client base of real estate funds, asset management companies, manufacturers, and retailers on prominent transactions and developments in the Lithuanian market. Recent areas of instruction include office, residential, hotel, and shopping centre developments. The practice is jointly led by Aušra Mudėnaitė, who has experience in handling transactional matters and litigation, and Kęstutis Adamonis, who fields expertise in commercial leasing matters. Asta Augutytė-Rapkevičienė is a key contact for construction issues, FIDIC contracts, environmental law, and energy infrastructure projects. Simonas Skukauskas is well versed in advising on territorial planning and cultural heritage matters.

Responsables de la pratique:

Aušra Mudėnaitė; Kęstutis Adamonis


Autres avocats clés:

Asta Augutytė-Rapkevičienė; Simonas Skukauskas; Julius Raškauskas


Les références

‘The team consists of the experts in this field. The services were provided duly and in time. Lawyers in this team know real-estate business really well. We enjoyed communication with the lawyers.’

‘Simonas Skukauskas is the best expert in this field, always knows the most recent tendencies of the real estate law. Also, he is usually one step ahead – when you have a question in mind Simonas is already answering it. Asta Augutytė – Rapkevičienė understands all needs of the client and technicalities of the business.’

‘Asta Augutyte is the partner who is assisting us. Her way of working is very close to our firm/culture. She is always available, and can explain all items with practical knowledge. Asta has a complete overview on her case.’

Principaux clients

Eveko investicija UAB


Lord LB Asset Management


Titanium Baltic Real Estate


Lords LB European Property Fund SCA SICAV-RAIF


Pon.Bike


Lidl Lietuva


SBA Urban


Lietuvos draudimas AB


Orner Group


Rinvest UAB


KNV 10, UAB, Marina Nida, UAB


Unique Properties UAB


Releven Group


Technopolis


Eika


Vastint Lithuania


Principaux dossiers


  • Advised UAB Eveko investicija on a built-to-suit lease agreement with the international logistics company Itella Logistics.
  • Advised the Titanium Baltic Real Estate fund on acquiring the Avia Solutions Group headquarters developed by AeroCity Group in Vilnius, Lithuania.
  • Assisted Pon.Bike with an agreement with YIT Lietuva for the construction of a 40,000 m2 manufacturing facility in Kėdainiai Free Economic Zone (FEZ) in Lithuania.

WALLESS

At WALLESS, Evaldas Klimas leads the real estate development and construction team, while Indre Jonaityte-Grice oversees transactional matters and Laura Ziferman focuses on public procurement work. The client base includes developers, investors, municipalities and government entities, and the practice is regularly sought after to advise on high-value transactions, public procurement mandates and contractual issues. Other key practitioners include Vygintas Kuprys, Mantas Lideika and Liucija Bitinaite, who is adept at advising on built-to-suit projects.

Responsables de la pratique:

Evaldas Klimas; Indrė Jonaitytė-Gricė; Laura Ziferman


Autres avocats clés:

Mantas Lideika; Vygintas Kuprys; Liucija Bitinaite


Les références

The team comprises highly skilled and experienced experts. They possess an in-depth understanding of the complexities and nuances of the industry, enabling them to provide comprehensive legal guidance.’

‘I work exclusively with Laura Ziferman and Vygintas Kuprys. Since our primary focus in Lithuania revolves around the construction of public infrastructure we highly appreciate their exceptional expertise and profound knowledge in the areas of public procurement and FIDIC contracts. The law firm and mentioned individuals stand out for their exceptional speed of delivery and quality, deep understanding of the market, and unwavering dedication to resolving matters for clients through non-litigation.’

‘Evaldas Klimas is the best in the regulatory field. Indrė Jonaitytė-Gricė is a real leader in RE transactions.’

Principaux clients

UAB Memelio miestas


AB Ignitis via Renewable Consulting Group


Baltic Horizon Fund (BHF) Homa Group


State Entity Ignalinos atominė elektrinė (Ignalina’s Nuclear Power Plant or INPP)


Lidl Lietuva, UAB


Lords LB Asset Management


STATICUS Group


Vilnius city municipality


REWO (subsidiary UAB Teratus)


Reverest Fund Management


Principaux dossiers


  • Advised Memelio miestas, UAB on the development of a multifunctional district.
  • Advised Ignitis Renewables on all aspects of a large-scale transaction with E Energija concerning the acquisition of a 100% stake in two Lithuanian companies developing an onshore 300MW wind farm project.
  • Advised Baltic Horizon Fund on the sale of the Domus Pro office building and retail park in Vilnius to an investment company for EUR 23.5 million.

Eversheds Saladžius (a member of Eversheds Sutherland)

Eversheds Saladžius (a member of Eversheds Sutherland)‘s practice handles a broad range of real estate and construction matters, including transactions, asset disposals, lease matters, and regulatory issues. The team leverages the strength of the firm’s wider global network to assist a client roster of multinational investors and corporations with cross-border projects, and the group has a strong track record in assisting with energy sector matters. Sigitas Groblys and Ana Čepinskienė co-head the practice; Groblys’ workload includes transactions, land use regulation and construction contracts, and Čepinskienė focuses on acquisitions and disposals. Rimtis Puišys and Jonas Saladžius are names to note. Since publication, Deivis Valiulis and a group of associates joined from Triniti Jurex Law Firm (in September 2024).

Responsables de la pratique:

Sigitas Groblys; Ana Čepinskienė


Autres avocats clés:

Rimtis Puišys; Jonas Saladžius; Simona Galiauskė


Les références

‘Overall the greatest strengths of the team are as follows: they are meticulous, showing great attention to detail very careful and precise. The professional expertise is of a great range.’

‘Rimtis Puišys stood out as an excellent person to deal with a variety of issues. Rimtis met our expectations and even exceeded them by providing relevant sophisticated analysis and case study in a shorter time span than we expected.’

Principaux clients

Litgrid


Lumi Capital


Technologia Para La Construction Y Mineria SL


Komfovent


Kelprojektas


Turkish Airlines


Petrofac International


Principaux dossiers


  • Advising Lumi Capital on the implementation of the residential-to-lease real estate development project in the Baltic States.
  • Advising Litgrid on the strategic EU “Harmony Link” electricity infrastructure project.
  • Advising Technologia Para La Construction Y Mineria SLP on the construction of its administrative and commercial buildings.

FORT

FORT assists with transactions, acquisitions, and leasing agreements, as well as zoning and planning matters.  The team is regularly instructed by foreign investors on entering into the Lithuanian real estate market, and the group has seen an increase in energy infrastructure transactions, with a particular focus on wind power projects. Practice head Ruta Radzeviciute-Meizeraite is well-placed to advise on complex transactions and commercial leases, and Andrius Mamontovas is active on real estate-focused M&As and joint ventures. At associate level, Aurelija Grigoravičiūtė-Rimeisienė and Agnė Mecelienė are names to note.

Responsables de la pratique:

Rūta Radzevičiūtė-Meizeraitė


Autres avocats clés:

Andrius Mamontovas; Aurelija Grigoravičiūtė-Rimeisienė; Agnė Mecelienė


Les références

‘Deep understanding of the important aspects of each deal.’

‘Andrius Mamontovas can act quickly and focuses on the most important issues in the deal.’

Principaux clients

East Capital Real Estate AS


Aquila Capital


Capital Mill OÜ


EfTEN Capital AS


UAB Eika Asset Management


UAB Eika


UAB Elmoris


UAB Transmedos NT


Bolds Property Partners


Circle K Lietuva, UAB


Principaux dossiers


  • Advised East Capital on the acquisition of twin business centres situated in Vilnius.
  • Advised EfTEN on a leasing matter.
  • Advised Aquila Capital on its acquisition of a 75 MW windfarm.

GLIMSTEDT Bernotas & Partners

The 'professional and practical' real estate team at GLIMSTEDT Bernotas & Partners assists domestic and multinational clients in the energy, sport and hospitality sectors, to name a few areas, with a broad range of matters. Practice co-head Kęstutis Jaskutėlis fields expertise in regulatory, financing, and real estate-related M&A work, and practice co-head Eivydas Sadauskas handles infrastructure development mandates and PPP issues. Corporate and real estate specialist Jurgita Zakarauskienė and Laura Tunkevičiūtė are key contacts.

Responsables de la pratique:

Kęstutis Jaskutėlis; Eivydas Sadauskas


Autres avocats clés:

Jurgita Zakarauskienė; Laura Tunkevičiūtė


Les références

‘Good professional and practical advice. Good availability and response time. Friendly and easy to work with.’

Principaux clients

Continental Automotive Lithuania, UAB


Vastint Lithuania UAB


Roquette Frères S.A.


Linstow AS


UAB Royal SPA Hotel


UAB Misionierių namai


UAB “Via Sportas”


NESTE Lietuva


UAB “Resource Development Group” (RDG)


Impuls group


GE Capital Global Energy Investments B.V. (GE)


Principaux dossiers


  • Advised UAB “Resource Development Group” (RDG) on various real estate, territorial planning, and environmental legal issues.
  • Advised Continental Automotive Lithuania, UAB on the construction, development and expansion of a factory located in Kaunas Free Economic Zone.
  • Advised NESTE Lietuva on real estate and construction matters related to the development of automatic gas stations in Lithuania.

Motieka & Audzevicius

Motieka & Audzevicius‘ real estate and construction team is led by Jovitas Elzbergas, who is highly experienced in handling complex disputes concerning commercial properties, project development and leasing matters. The client base includes large developers and construction companies, as well as public sector authorities. The practice is best known for its established strength in contentious work, however the team is also adept at advising on commercial transactions and planning matters. Senior associate Donatas Lapinskas brings experience in handling construction and territorial planning work, and Aivaras Grigas handles a range of transactional work, including leaseback transactions.

Responsables de la pratique:

Jovitas Elzbergas


Autres avocats clés:

Aivaras Grigas; Donatas Lapinskas; Valentas Mitrauskas


Les références

‘Collaboration is effortless, with a strong sense of accountability. The team is highly responsible and dedicated, going above and beyond to achieve clients’ objectives.’

‘Quick response times and efficient teamwork. All colleagues demonstrate a high level of expertise and professionalism. The practice operates at a consistently high standard of professionalism with strong collaboration among team members.’

‘They are unique for the specialization, covering all aspects of real estate development, legal representation and strategic planning. Their strengths include a highly qualified team with extensive experience in local institutions, the ability to offer the best solutions for complex matters, and a client-centric approach. They stand out compared to other firms due to their influence, power, expertise and political insight. They likely employ technology, diverse talent, and innovative billing structures to enhance their services.’

Principaux clients

AXIS Industries, AB


Citus development fund rep. by Victory Funds, UAB


Vilniaus BDT, UAB


Autokausta, UAB


Ozo turtas, UAB


Panevėžio statybos trestas, AB


Kenova NT, UAB


Principaux dossiers


  • Representing Vilniaus BDT in a dispute arising from the collapse of a bridge during a demolition process.
  • Acting for K26 in a dispute with Kaunas city municipality concerning the dismissal of design proposals for a building in the historical part of Kaunas.
  • Advised AviaAM Leasing Service Centre on a sale and leaseback transaction.

Noewe

Robert Juodka and Ernesta Žiogienė lead the real estate and construction team at Noewe, which is very well known for assisting Baltic and Polish clients with regulatory compliance, public procurement matters and acquisitions, often in the real estate and energy sectors. Juodka focuses on cross-border energy infrastructure and construction projects, and Žiogienė has a solid track record in transactional matters.

Responsables de la pratique:

Robert Juodka; Ernesta Žiogienė


Autres avocats clés:

Tomas Venckus; Jaroslav Pavlovski; Greta Bagdanavičiūtė


Principaux clients

Evecon OU, Evecon UAB


Rafako S.A.


Polimex-Mostostal SA /Naftoremont Naftobudowa SA


Menard Polska


Enefit, UAB


Richstone Properties LTD


Vestas Central Europe A/S


Novotel /Accor Group / Orbis SA


UAB “DIFF Finance”


UAB DIFF Develop


SCHWENK Latvija SIA / SCHWENK Zement Beteiligungen GmbH / AB “Akmenės cementas”


EESTI Energia Group


Uždaroji akcinė bendrovė “MONOLITAS 91”


UAB PK INVEST (PRO KAPITAL GROUP)


CEE Attorneys

CEE Attorneys is well placed to advise on contractual matters, acquisitions, leases, contractor agreements, territory planning and building permits. Practice head Kristina Sabaliauskiene regularly acts as counsel to large real estate developers such as UAB Baltic Asset Management and UAB Hanne, and associate Lina Liogė brings experience in handling transactions, disputes, and regulatory matters.

Responsables de la pratique:

Kristina Sabaliauskienė


Autres avocats clés:

Lina Liogė


Principaux clients

Hanner


SBA Urban


Baltic Asset Management


Citus Construction


Mosta


Judex


Transekspedicija invest


FEPS Lietuva


Principaux dossiers


  • Advised UAB Baltic Asset Management on its acquisition of a hotel building in Prague with UAB Hanner for its conversion to a co-living project.
  • Advised Feps Lietuva, UAB on construction agreements and contractual negotiations relating to the building of military facilities in Lithuania.
  • Advising UAB Transekspedicija Invest on the design, building and territory planning of a land plot for building a football stadium.

LEADELL Balciunas ir Grajauskas

LEADELL Balciunas ir Grajauskas' team offers particular expertise in real estate and construction disputes, often involving contentious planning matters, and is equally adept at handling construction and regulatory matters for clients in the logistics and energy sectors. The firm has an excellent reputation for assisting with projects at Klaipeda Seaport. Practice head Gintaras Stankevičius assists with real estate contracts, financings and related tax matters. Gintaras Balciunas brings expertise in litigation and arbitration, and managing partner Marius Grajauskas provides key support.

Responsables de la pratique:

Gintaras Stankevičius


Autres avocats clés:

Gintaras Balciunas; Marius Grajauskas


Principaux clients

AB “KLAIPĖDOS JŪRŲ KROVINIŲ KOMPANIJA” (KLASCO)


UAB “Klaipėdos laivų remontas”


UAB “Lit-Invest”


UAB “Agrochema”


UAB “Renerga”


UAB “M-1” “Radiocentras” “Retinvestus” “Savaitė” etc..


UAB “Zetus LT”


Ričardas Gruodis


Kredito unija “Vilniaus taupmoji kasa”


UAB “ECOIL”


Principaux dossiers


  • Represented KLASCO in negotiations with the Klaipeda State Seaport Authority regarding lease agreements.
  • Advising UAB “Renerga” on the construction of a 310 MW onshore wind farm in the Baltic States.

Magnusson

Magnusson's team has 'extensive legal expertise in real estate matters', and is recognised for its strength in handling contractual work and public procurement issues for a client base of local and multinational corporates and public authorities. The group's workload also includes territorial planning, environmental law, and construction litigation. The team has been kept especially busy advising on contentious work, notably on disputes between developers and sub-contractors. Practice head Dalia Stakvileviciute stands out as 'a real expert in real estate, construction, and environmental law'.

Responsables de la pratique:

Dalia Stakvilevičiūtė


Autres avocats clés:

Kęstutis Baranauskas; Irma Daukšaitė-Gavelienė


Les références

‘Magnusson‘s team have extensive legal expertise in real estate matters. They are attentive to the specifics of each case: each legal issue in real estate is thoroughly evaluated and analyzed. Ultimately, the team’s objective is to work quickly and efficiently while also making the customer feel valued and welcomed.’

‘Dalia Stakvilevičiūtė is a professional who specializes in real estate law and environmental protection. Dalia considers her work and clients with a sense of responsibility. She regularly and accurately resolves legal issues while offering the client expert guidance and feedback.’

Dalia Stakvilevičiūtė is a real expert in real estate, construction, and environmental law. She can evaluate any situation from various angles and provide us with a result we can trust.’

Principaux clients

Sateba Lithuania


Alga


Eikos statyba


Cetarium


Kaefer


Stoties turgus


Betonika


Homes in the Wood


Baltas lašas


Principaux dossiers


  • Representing Sateba Lithuania in a dispute with the Lithuanian branch of Eurovia CS concerning the quality of construction materials.
  • Representing Eikos statyba in disputes with subcontractor Promonta UAB over inadequate performance of contract agreements.
  • Representing Koncernas Alga in a dispute concerning the construction of a telecommunication tower.

Triniti Jurex Law Firm

Led by Artūras Vaišvila, the team at Triniti Jurex Law Firm has expertise in handling transactions, regulatory matters, and disputes in the real estate and construction sectors. The group is also recognised for its strength in advising on energy sector matters and land law work. Vaišvila is well known for assisting with litigation, construction agreement, leasing work and related joint ventures. Vytautas Kalmatavicius and associate Olga Siomina are names to note. Deivis Valiulis departed in September 2024.

Responsables de la pratique:

Artūras Vaišvila


Autres avocats clés:

Vytautas Kalmatavičius; Olga Siomina


 


Principaux clients

DB Engineering & Consulting GMbH


Veikmės statyba


Nter Asset Management (former Orion Asset Management)


Homa development, UAB


Eleport, UAB


Sweco Lietuva, UAB


CONRES, UAB


Eleport, UAB


Sweco Lietuva, UAB


Newsec advisers LT, UAB


Pažangi energija, UAB


Ekoternum ŽŪB


Utilitas Wind OÜ


MEMO Europe


Projesta group, UAB


Neste Lietuva, UAB


Foreksas, UAB


Principaux dossiers


  • Acting for DB Engineering & Consulting GMbH and UAB “Sweco Lietuva” in a dispute concerning the development of infrastructure plans and an environmental assessment procedure of two railway lines.
  • Advised MEMO Europe on its acquisition of warehouses with office premises.
  • Assisted Newsec Advisory Baltics, UAB, with the development of a real estate project on state-owned land.

ECOVIS ProventusLaw

ECOVIS ProventusLaw's team has extensive experience advising on a range of real estate and construction disputes, and is equally strong in handling transactional matters, often within the energy sector. The client base includes individuals and construction companies. The highly experienced litigator Kęstutis Kvainauskas heads the practice, and is ably supported by Linas Vidžys, who brings expertise in advising on regulatory matters in the construction sector.

Responsables de la pratique:

Kęstutis Kvainauskas


Autres avocats clés:

Linas Vidžys


Les références

‘True professionals in this practice. Deeply understand the real estate regulation as well as the market.’

‘Linas Vidžys is the one working directly with Kęstutis Kvainauskas on a case by case basis. Both with years of experience in the field and you can clearly feel it. Linas Vidžys has also worked many years in the construction and planning supervision authority and therefore has exceptional knowledge which is very rare in the market.’

Principaux clients

Mokesčių srautas COUNTLINE


Vilniaus parkai


Toma Amanovaitė


Z. V.


Dujų sfera


Vilniaus parkai


Jonas Blinstrubas


Vėdinimo meistrai


Principaux dossiers


  • Represented gas infrastructure company Dujų sfera in a dispute with a municipality relating to a road construction design project.
  • Acting for a client in a dispute between a group of individuals and a number of real estate developers.

NOOR

NOOR's practice is well known for handling a broad spectrum of construction and real estate matters. The group is adept at advising on transactional matters, leases, construction agreements, territorial planning and contentious work. Practice head Povilas Karlonas is highly regarded for his expertise in assisting with built-to-suit projects, greenfield investments, free economic zones and industrial parks. Lina Šimė brings experience in real estate transactions, disputes and insolvency.

Responsables de la pratique:

Povilas Karlonas


Autres avocats clés:

Lina Šime; Justė Adomaitytė


Principaux clients

Nter Asset Management


Kenova Asset Management


Vinted


Wargaming


Maxima LT


Prime Property Location Fund


Tele 2


Pay Ray Bank


Modus Group


Nese Group


Principaux dossiers


  • Advised AMG Property on the sale of its real estate portfolio in Vilnius.
  • Advised Modus Mobility on a major lease agreement.
  • Advised Nese Group on the sale of historic property in Vilnius Old Town to INVL Baltic Real Estate fund.

WIDEN

WIDEN's real estate and construction team at is led by the 'exceptionalJolanta Stonė, who brings over two decades of experience in advising domestic and foreign investors on sales and acquisitions, construction litigation, transactions, public procurement, and land use matters. Eglė Višinskienė handles contentious matters, while Eglė Voverienė is adept at advising on contractual issues and planning work. Tomas Janušauskis and Guoda Balsytė are also key contacts.

Responsables de la pratique:

Jolanta Stonė


Autres avocats clés:

Guoda Balsytė; Eglė Višinskienė; Eglė Voverienė; Tomas Janušauskis


Les références

‘This is a very good law firm. Their lawyers are very strong. In any project with them you can feel that everything is under control.’

‘In real estate Jolanta Stonė is an exceptional lawyer and personality. She is very smart and has a far-reaching view. She keeps control of the project from the beginning till the end. Jolanta understands the client’s needs and address them perfectly. She is a really empathic lawyer. Eglė Višinskienė is also worth mentioning. Guoda Balsytė is very proactive, and a smart young lawyer.’

‘They have a lot of experience, are flexible and have an open approach.’

Principaux clients

DS-1


Decathlon


Geolift


Baltic Agro


Rail Baltica


Ryanair


Latvian Forest Company


PepsiCo


Oxylabs


Pastatų sistemos


Principaux dossiers


  • Advises DS-1 on various real estate, territory planning and construction matters.
  • Advising Geolift on construction matters, including its business expansion in various jurisdictions.