Brodies LLP is renowned for its expertise in the renewables and living sectors, often playing a key role in major Scottish infrastructure projects, particularly those in environmentally sensitive areas. Neil Collar, praised for his ‘unrivalled knowledge’ of planning law, handles complex issues including land purchases, listed buildings, and conservation areas. He co-leads the practice with Elaine Farquharson-Black, who is highly respected for her expertise in housebuilding. Additionally, Karen Hamilton advises local authorities on significant infrastructure projects and has a strong presence in the transport, build-to-rent, and renewables industries.
Planning in Scotland
Brodies LLP
Responsables de la pratique:
Neil Collar; Elaine Farquharson-Black
Autres avocats clés:
Karen Hamilton; Niall McLean
Les références
‘Karen Hamilton is an outstanding lawyer. She delivers quality advice in a calm and reassuring manner. She drives transactions forward and is always looking for practical solutions to any problems which arise.’
‘A very competent and capable team that is very professional and efficient. In the top league of planning teams in Scotland with real strength in depth. ’
‘Neill Collar has unrivalled knowledge of the law and is capable of advisory and advocacy roles at a high level. Elaine Farquharson Black is peerless as an advisor and strategist and has masterminded many court successes.’
Principaux clients
CALA
Stewart Milne Group
Muir Homes Limited
AS Homes
Mowi Scotland Limited
Glasgow Airport Limited
Energiekontor
Edinburgh International Business Gateway
Principaux dossiers
- Advised Energiekontor on wind farm planning appeals, obtaining planning permission for two sites, totalling 98 MW of electricity generation capacity.
- Successfully appealed for planning permission on behalf of Muir Homes and Stewart Milne Group for the construction of a new grade-separated junction on the A9 trunk road at Auchterarder, facilitating additional home construction in the settlement.
- Advised North Lanarkshire Council on the promotion of a compulsory purchase order (CPO) to enable the demolition of three flat blocks and the development of 72 new affordable homes in Cumbernauld, including preparations for a public inquiry in 2024.
Shepherd and Wedderburn
The dedicated planning team at Shepherd and Wedderburn is praised for being ‘at the forefront of Scottish planning law’, acting for an impressive roster of renewable energy and housebuilding clients. The practice is under the joint leadership of Colin Innes, highly experienced in handling both contentious and non-contentious planning issues, and Ewan MacLeod, who contributes considerable expertise in retail, housing, and large mixed-use developments. Meanwhile, Fraser Mitchell is regularly instructed by blue-chip clients in the residential development sector and is well-versed in areas including roads legislation and compulsory purchase procedures.
Responsables de la pratique:
Colin Innes; Ewan MacLeod
Autres avocats clés:
Scott McCallum; Fraser Mitchell
Les références
‘The Shepherd and Wedderburn team are at the forefront of Scottish planning law and are highly accessible to clients, both for formal and informal advice. The team are personable and professional and gives excellent legal advice. I would not hesitate to recommend them to anyone.’
‘I have worked with partners Ewan MacLeod and Fraser Mitchell on many occasions, both provide excellent and honest legal advice. Their attention to detail and market knowledge is second to none. Their strengths are easy and regular communication in many forms, be it written, email, text or availability for meetings. They are at the top of their game in Scotland.’
‘The Shepherd and Wedderburn team ensure business needs are always well understood, making their advice commercial, accessible and delivered within the timeframes we are working to.’
Principaux clients
ScottishPower Renewables (UK) Limited
Stromar Offshore Wind Farm Limited
ScottishPower Energy Retail Limited
Robertson Homes Limited
Guild Homes (Tayside) Limited
Miller Homes Limited
ILI Group PLC
Orsted Hornsea Project Three (UK) Limited
Statkraft UK Limited
Principaux dossiers
Burges Salmon LLP
Led by Craig Whelton, the ‘very competent team of cross-border specialists’ at Burges Salmon LLP handles significant cases for key players in the public, energy, and housebuilding sectors. The firm’s recent instructions include development consent order applications, planning appeals, inquiries, and compulsory purchases. Whelton is ably supported by senior associates Lynsey Reid, who advises on significant developments across the UK, and Patrick Munro, who focuses on renewable and low-carbon energy projects.
Responsables de la pratique:
Craig Whelton
Autres avocats clés:
Lynsey Reid; Patrick Munro
Les références
‘Very client-oriented, and willing to work collaboratively within a team.’
‘Patrick Munro has a fantastic eye for detail and is extremely thorough. He has demonstrated an ability to identify and address key issues.’
‘Craig Whelton provides excellent client care and oversight. ’
Principaux clients
Drax
CALA Management Limited
West Craigs Limited
Northbank Farm Development Limited
National Highways
Loch Long Salmon Limited
Wind 2 Limited
Harbour Energy
Gladman Developments
Principaux dossiers
- Advised on the Cruachan 2 Pumped Storage Hydro-Scheme.
- Acted for West Craigs Limited on a development site in Edinburgh, involving over 1,400 new homes, a new primary school and healthcare centre, and retail development.
- Advised Harbour Energy on the Viking CCS carbon capture and storage project.
CMS
With an ‘excellent pool of lawyers’, CMS supports public and private sector clients in energy, infrastructure, and town centre regeneration projects across Scotland and the UK. Robin Hutchison brings extensive experience in offshore wind farm projects, making him a key asset in energy-related planning. He co-leads the practice with Mark McMurray, who offers specialist knowledge in compulsory purchases, compensation, and heritage planning. The team additionally benefits from Keith Campbell’s expertise in consenting regimes. June Gilles retired in June 2023.
Responsables de la pratique:
Robin Hutchison; Mark McMurray
Autres avocats clés:
Keith Campbell; Kathryn Nolin
Les références
‘This is a strong planning team with complementary skills and ready access to a wider range of related skills including in-depth knowledge and experience of commercial conveyancing in Scotland. There is also strong in-house support from the litigation department, which is experienced in public law remedies and proceedings in the Lands Tribunal for Scotland.’
‘Robin Hutchison has considerable expertise in the environmental aspects of planning law and practice, with in-depth knowledge concerning the legal requirements for renewable energy projects and increasing involvement in litigation.’
‘Mark McMurray is experienced in a wide range of planning and compulsory purchase work including litigation and planning inquiries. He has the ability to draw out the best from a multidisciplinary team which is often necessary in complex planning and related cases.’
Principaux clients
abrdn (formerly Aberdeen Standard)
Amp Energy
Bakkafrost (formerly The Scottish Salmon Company)
City of Edinburgh Council
Community Windpower Limited
Copenhagen Offshore Partners / Highland Wind Limited
East Dunbartonshire Council
EDF Energy
Electricity Supply Board (ESB)
Energiekontor UK Limited
Falkirk Council
Flotation Energy
Hargreaves Services (Blindwells) Limited and Hargreaves Land Limited
Inch Cape Offshore Limited / Red Rock Power
Kincardine Offshore Wind Limited
Kirsty Young & Nick Jones / Sunax Limited
Landsec
National Grid
North Lanarkshire Council
Nuveen Real Estate
Renfrewshire Council
Resources Unlimited LLP
Scottish Enterprise
ScottishPower Renewables and Shell – ScotWind joint ventures
SSE plc
Stirling Council
Trump International
Vattenfall
Vengada Estates Limited
Principaux dossiers
- Advised SSE on all aspects of the planning and consenting of the Dogger Bank Zone.
- Advised Nuveen Real Estate on all planning, compulsory purchase and roads matters for the £1bn redevelopment of the St James Quarter.
- Advised Falkirk Council on the Grangemouth Flood Protection Scheme.
Pinsent Masons LLP
Pinsent Masons LLP, praised for its ' reliably practical advice', is particularly active in the renewable energy space, with Gary McGovern handling significant matters in the offshore and onshore wind sectors. McGovern frequently works alongside Emma Reid, who was promoted to senior associate in May 2023 and focuses on renewable energy consenting processes. The firm is also equipped to advise on major water and transport infrastructure projects, where Gordon McCreath is the key contact.
Autres avocats clés:
Gary McGovern; Gordon McCreath; Emma Reid
Les références
‘The planning team at Pinsent Masons are very approachable and provide reliably practical advice.’
‘Gary McGovern has always provided clear and practical advice very quickly and with excellent commercial knowledge.’
‘The team members are generally available whenever they’re needed and always do their best to answer questions in the timescales requested.’
Principaux clients
BP International
Berwick Bank Wind Limited
Morven Offshore Wind Ltd (bp and EnBW)
TI LirIC Limited
Copenhagen Offshore Partners
Vattenfall Wind Power Ltd
Thistle Wind Partners (DEME, Qair and Aspirati)
Ossian Offshore Wind Limited (COP, Marubeni Corporation and SSE)
Buchan Offshore Wind Limited (BayWa, BW Ideol and Elicio)
Statkraft
Island Green Power
Glenmucklock Pumped Storage Hydro Ltd
RWE Renewables UK Onshore Wind Ltd
Zenobe
Affinity Water
Cambridge Water
Seagreen Wind Energy Limited
CALA Group
Beatrice Offshore Windfarm Ltd
Winchburgh Developments Ltd
Koehler Renewables
Forth Ports
Peel
Principaux dossiers
- Advised SSE Renewables on its 4.1GW Berwick Bank offshore wind project in Scottish waters.
- Advised developers/consortia such as Ossian Offshore Wind (SSE, Marubeni Corporation and Copenhagen Infrastructure Partners), Morven (bp and EnBW), Floating Energy Allyance (BayWa, BW Ideol and Elicio) and Thistle Wind Partners (consortium of DEME, Aspirati, Quair) on six of the 20 ScotWind offshore wind farm (OWF) development sites.
- Advised Statkraft on the three-party conjoined Public Inquiry for the 60MW Knockcronal wind farm and helped Statkraft secure section 36 consent for the 200MW Energy Isles.
Addleshaw Goddard
Addleshaw Goddard’s planning team is helmed by Glasgow-based Sarah Baillie, who offers consenting expertise in the renewables, development, and infrastructure sectors. The group’s recent instructions include battery storage, hydrogen projects. and retail park acquisitions. The department includes planning law specialist Fiona Gordon, a legal director who handles a mix of contentious and non-contentious issues including judicial reviews, compulsory purchases, and environmental impact assessments, particularly in the retail, residential, and energy sectors.
Responsables de la pratique:
Sarah Baillie
Autres avocats clés:
Fiona Gordon
Les références
‘Sarah Baillie is widely experienced in planning law and practice and in related areas such as compulsory purchase. She works effectively and efficiently with her team to produce the desired outcome. This is done in a relaxed manner which inspires client confidence.’
‘Proactive, positive, pragmatic and generally good to deal with. Strong capabilities across their areas of expertise and with specific specialisms in the energy and infrastructure sectors.’
‘Sarah Baillie and Fiona Gordon’s diligent approach and attention to detail are impressive.’
Principaux clients
SSEN Transmission plc
SSE Renewables
SSE Thermal plc
M&S Property Y
Scotland Gas Networks plc
Scotia Gas Network plc
Alcemi Storage Developments UK Group of Companies
Scottish National Investment Bank
Aldi Stores Limited
Robertson Property
Redrock Power
Greenvolt Power
Dandara
ERG
Clackmannanshire Council
Strawson Holdings
AEG
Highlands & Islands Airports Limited
Murray Group
Realty
Engi
Principaux dossiers
- Advised Alcemi Storage Developments Limited on securing consents for three large-scale energy storage projects, totaling 2GW capacity under the S36 regime, including a world-first project of its type and scale in 2023/24.
- Supported SGN plc with planning and consenting for existing gas pipelines and pioneering hydrogen infrastructure, along with enforcement, compulsory purchase orders, roads law, storage, and transmission issues.
- Represented Strawson / Omnivale Limited in a successful appeal decision for a key site in Dunfermline in 2023, overturning the Council’s policy on developer contributions as unlawful, marking a significant test case in the market.
Anderson Strathern
Anderson Strathern represents a diverse clientele including public bodies and private developers in sectors such as retail, residential, transport, and energy. In September 2023, former practice head Alastair McKie retired from the partnership and now supports the firm from a consultancy role. The department is now under the leadership of Chris Devlin, who was promoted to partner also in September 2023. Devlin brings notable expertise in the housing and renewable energy sectors.
Responsables de la pratique:
Chris Devlin
Autres avocats clés:
Alastair McKie
Les références
‘They have extensive knowledge of current and past policy cases and how particular challenges can be avoided . They are aware of your needs as a client and will adapt approaches if required and in some cases prioritise workload to deal quickly with an arising issue.’
‘Their strengths include eagerness to share knowledge and understanding, willingness to adapt if circumstances require changes, and depth of up-to-date knowledge applied.’
‘Excellent with clients. Very good at legal procedure.’
Principaux clients
Shetland Space Centre Ltd
Edinburgh Airport Limited
East Lothian Council
Loch Lomond and the Trossachs National Park Authority
Eurowind A/S
Walker Group
Springfield Properties
INEOS
The City of Edinburgh Council
Buccleuch Estates
The Coal Authority
Chemring Energetics UK Ltd
Victoria Square Woking Limited
Livos Energy
Ross Estates Company
Pow of Inchaffray Commissioners
Dundas Estates
SESTRANS
Principaux dossiers
- Advised Dundas Estates & Development Limited in respect of planning appeal of refusal of West Lothian Council to grant planning permission for 46 units housing development at Charlesfield Road, Livingston.
- Acted for the Loch Lomond and the Trossachs National Park Authority to provide advocacy at major planning inquiry regarding proposal for fish farm at Beinn Reithe, Loch Long.
- Advised Deans Civil Engineering Limited to take a leasehold interest in order to operate Kilbarchan inert landfill to include transfer of the Pollution Prevention and Control permit to Deans so that the site can be operated lawfully.
Burness Paull LLP
Burness Paull LLP's planning team, led by solicitor advocate Alasdair Sutherland, excels in managing a range of contentious planning matters, particularly in the housebuilding and renewable energy sectors. Key members of the unit include Emma Dewar, who handles planning appeals and compulsory purchase matters, and Steven Stewart, who has expertise in planning applications and consenting issues.
Responsables de la pratique:
Alasdair Sutherland
Autres avocats clés:
Emma Dewar; Steven Stewart
Les références
‘Burness Paull demonstrates exceptional legal acumen, work ethic, and temperament. They have a deep inside approach to renewable planning law.’
‘Steven Stewart has great accessibility, empathy, an understanding approach, and interpersonal skills.’
Principaux clients
Cromarty Firth Port Authority (POCF)
West Burton Energy
Moray Offshore Windfarm (West) Limited
Lidl GB Limited
EDF Renewables
Lakeshore Leisure
Mactaggart and Mickel Homes
CALA Homes
Orsted
Artisan Real Estate
Association of Scottish Self Caterers
Principaux dossiers
- Advised Cromarty Firth Port Authority on planning and marine licensing issues in connection with its proposed development of Phase 5 at Invergordon Service Base at the Port of Cromarty Firth.
- Acted for ID Stoneyburn Limited in connection with a planning appeal to the Scottish Ministers against West Lothian Council’s refusal of planning permission for a major residential development of around 300 homes at Stoneyburn, West Lothian.
- Acted for Moray Offshore Windfarm (West) Limited as an adviser to a funding syndicate of lenders in relation to the financing of the 882 MW Moray West wind farm.
Gillespie Macandrew LLP
Best known for supporting energy and infrastructure providers, Gillespie Macandrew LLP also serves a diverse clientele including landowners, developers, and public bodies. Spearheading the team is solicitor advocate Colin Hamilton, whose expertise spans advising on planning applications to handling judicial reviews. Real estate expert Sandy Telfer brings a ‘wealth of planning law experience’ to the table, notably excelling in advancing large-scale housing developments through the planning process.
Responsables de la pratique:
Colin Hamilton
Autres avocats clés:
Sandy Telfer
Les références
‘First rate service from Partners. The firm works in collaboration with each other.’
‘Sandy Telfer is an excellent communicator. Rather than just telling me what the law says, Sandy tells me what the law means and how it can help to achieve my objectives.’
‘Gillespie MacAndrew has a team specialising in planning law, providing us with the backup of knowledge and skill sets required to assist with most major planning application issues. Fixed price fees are quickly provided and delivered as agreed on time and within budget.’
Principaux clients
Seagreen Wind Energy
Viking Energy Wind Farm
SSE Renewables
Berwick Bank Wind Farm Limited
Dundee City Council
Perth & Kinross Council
Morton Fraser MacRoberts
With Douglas Milne at the helm, Morton Fraser MacRoberts is noted for its extensive public sector expertise and counts local councils, Transport Scotland, and NatureScot among its client base. On the contentious side, commercial litigator Kenneth Carruthers has considerable experience in court and inquiry appearances, and senior associate Cameron Greig handles planning appeals and compulsory purchase compensation claims. Rory Alexander is equipped to advise on housing and regeneration projects.
Responsables de la pratique:
Douglas Milne
Autres avocats clés:
Kenneth Carruthers; Rory Alexander; Isobell Reid; Cameron Greig
Les références
‘The advice is always well-informed, well-considered, and relevant. They are very knowledgeable about the wider context of their advice as well as the specific case. ’
‘Douglas Milne and Cameron Greig have given excellent advice. They have a good understanding of our specialist area of work so they can get straight to the specifics of the case.’
‘Morton Fraser Macroberts team has a good breadth of talent with a number of key and experienced individuals.’
Principaux clients
SSE plc
Vastint
Woolfords Wind Energy Ltd
Ministry of Defence
Historic Environment Scotland (HES)
Transport Scotland
Parabola
City of Edinburgh Council
Tesco
West Lothian Council
Principaux dossiers
- Acted for Transport Scotland in the public local inquiry for the proposed major upgrade to the Sheriffhall Roundabout on the A720 City of Edinburgh Bypass.
- Acted for Scottish Hydro Electric Power Transmission plc (SHET) in relation to the planning consents required for the construction of the circa 58km replacement 132kV transmission line from Harris to Stornoway in the Western Isles, including consents required under the Electricity Act 1989.|
Davidson Chalmers Stewart
The ‘extremely capable’ team at Davidson Chalmers Stewart is spearheaded by director Jacqueline Cook, a noted planning specialist in residential, mixed-use, and renewable energy projects. Serving a varied client base of developers, public bodies, and funders, the department handles a broad spectrum of contentious and non-contentious issues such as planning consents, statutory agreements, and appeals.
Responsables de la pratique:
Jacqueline Cook
Autres avocats clés:
Caroline Court
Les références
‘Very easy to deal with. Very friendly approach.’
‘The team is extremely capable and knowledgeable of all aspects. DCS Legal were very prepared to go the extra mile to support us.’
‘We were successful in winning our case and were delighted with the professionalism and tenacity that DCS Legal demonstrated.’
Principaux clients
Peel NRE
Tartan Leisure Ltd
Chris Stewart Group
WKN GmbH
Balhousie Care Group
JW Muir Group PLC (incl Muir Homes Ltd, Hermiston Securities Ltd)
Lochay Homes Ltd
The Association of Scottish Self-Caterers
RT Overseas Settlement
Seamab – Children’s Charity
Principaux dossiers
- Advised The Peel Group’s Energy division on all renewable energy projects in Scotland, including negotiating contracts to satisfy pre-commencement planning conditions and the sale of consented facilities to Statkraft.
- Advised a London-based developer on its £200 million regeneration project, negotiating a Section 75 planning obligations agreement for £1.9 million in developer contributions.
- Advised Tartan Leisure on its development of Scotland’s first artificial, inland surfing lagoon.
Harper Macleod LLP
The ‘highly professional, approachable, and diligent’ team at Harper Macleod LLP boasts an impressive list of public sector clients, with active involvement in renewable energy and housing development sectors. The group frequently collaborates with English law firms, advising on the planning aspects of corporate transactions that involve renewable energy projects. The non-contentious offering is spearheaded by Peter Ferguson, who acts for a range of clients including regulators, planning authorities, purchasers, and developers. Jennifer Jack takes the lead in planning-related litigation, handling judicial reviews, public inquiries, and appeals.
Responsables de la pratique:
Peter Ferguson; Jennifer Jack
Autres avocats clés:
Calum Gee
Les références
‘Harper MacLeod provided excellent assistance. The work was carried out quickly and efficiently, and the advice given was excellent.’
‘Calum Gee and Jennifer Jack are both experienced solicitors who give sound advice. Both are approachable and friendly and respond quickly to queries despite being very busy.’
‘They are highly professional, approachable and diligent. They have an excellent network with other legal providers.’
Principaux clients
NatureScot (formerly Scottish Natural Heritage)
Octopus Energy
Fred Olsen Renewables
EnergieKontor
Statkraft UK
The Foresight Group
Primark
Forestry and Land Scotland (formerly Forestry Commission Scotland)
Cairngorms National Park Authority
Pennon Power
Greenpeace UK
The Highland Council
City of Edinburgh Council
Marine Scotland
Fife Council
Glasgow City Council
Royal Zoological Society of Scotland
Principaux dossiers
- Advised Perth and Kinross Council in defending a judicial review challenge brought by Tesco against planning permission granted by the Council for an Aldi superstore in Perth.
- Advised Centrica on the acquisition of a battery energy storage system (BESS) at Abernethy, Perthshire, from specialist BESS development company P&M Energy.
- Advised Forestry and Land Scotland on an objection to an application by Scottish and Southern Electricity Networks Transmission for consent under Section 37 of the Electricity Act 1989 to to construct and operate approximately 13 kilometres of new 400-kilovolt overhead transmission line to the consented Coire Glas Pumped Storage Scheme.
Shoosmiths
With a strong focus on the living sector, Shoosmiths offers expertise in purpose-built student accommodation, build-to-rent, and aparthotel developments. The Scottish practice is led by Geraint Hughes, who advises housebuilders, landowners, retailers, and financiers on both contentious and non-contentious planning issues. Lee Murphy joined the firm as a consultant in June 2023 and frequently advises on residential projects, wind farms and mixed-use developments.
Responsables de la pratique:
Geraint Hughes
Autres avocats clés:
Lee Murphy
Les références
‘Not only will Geraint Hughes get the legal matters right, but he will also be on the money in terms of our options commercially. Geraint focuses on what matters for the client and that is invaluable.’
‘Geraint Hughes’s knowledge of the planning system and its intricate complexities really sets him above the rest. He knows our business, understands our requirements, and is on hand to offer expert planning and legal advice when required.’
‘Shoosmiths LLP provides a good planning team.’
Principaux clients
Sigma Capital Property Limited
Watkin Jones plc
Carmichael Homes
The High School of Glasgow
Park Lane (Glasgow) Limited
The PRS REIT plc
UK PRS (Jersey) Properties I Limited
Aberdeen City Council
Bellway Homes
Welsh Power
PTT Exploration and Production Public Company Limited (PTTEP)
Boots 2 Property Scottish Limited Partnership
Principaux dossiers
- Co-counselled with Latham and Watkins on the acquisition of a 25% stake worth £522 billion by PTTEP from Total Energies in the worlds deepest fixed bottom offshore windfarm, Seagreen.
- Provided planning advise in respect of £240 million worth of BTR projects across the UK for Sigma Capital Property Limited, UK PRS (Jersey) Properties I Limited and the PRS REIT plc.
- Assisted Aberdeen City Council on the conclusion of planning legal agreements to secure approx. 500 dwellings and PBSA beds.
Wright, Johnston & Mackenzie LLP
Under the leadership of managing partner Fraser Gillies, the planning practice at Wright, Johnston & Mackenzie LLP has carved a niche within the renewable energy sector with its focus on onshore wind projects. The ‘partner-led, experienced and commercial’ team has significant expertise in Section 36 inquiries and planning appeals. Nicola Martin plays a key role in supporting clients through public inquiries and development consenting processes.
Responsables de la pratique:
Fraser Gillies
Autres avocats clés:
Nicola Martin
Les références
‘The quality of advice, presentation and communications are excellent. I would have no hesitation in recommending this practice.’
‘Nicola Martin is always quick to respond to requests for advice. The advice provided is consistently set out in a clear manner. Nicola will always ensure that the advice provided has addressed the need and be available for any follow up queries.’
‘Partner-led, experienced and commercial. Very strong on planning.’
Principaux clients
Renewable Energy Systems Limited
Coriolis Energy Limited
ESB Energy
Fred Olsen Renewables Ltd
BayWa r.e. UK Limited
REG Power Management Limited
Boralex Limited (formerly Infinergy Energy)
Energiekontor UK Limited
Brookfield Renewables UK Ltd
Ventient Energy Limited
Principaux dossiers
- Advised SETT Wind Energy Development in relation to Shepherds Rig Wind Farm, leading the inquiry team through the inquiry and subsequent NPF4 hearing, and helping to secure s.36 consent.
- Advised Coriolis Energy Ltd on their portfolio of onshore projects, including the Glendye and Kirkan wind farms, both of which have received consent from the Scottish Ministers.
- Advised key clients including Fred Olsen Renewables Ltd, Renewable Energy Systems Ltd and Coriolis on many of their sites at different stages in the planning process.