A&O Shearman’s fintech regulatory practice advises early-stage fintechs to international financial institutions on payments, digital assets, open finance, and platform-based financial services. Clients include regulators, banks, e-commerce firms, digital wealth platforms, and BNPL companies. The team works with global regulators on frameworks including MiCA and stablecoins, and with central banks and trade bodies on digital assets, CBDCs, and fintech infrastructure. Praised by clients for his ‘unparalleled legal acumen‘, Ben Regnard-Weinrabe co-leads the global fintech practice, advising on UK and EU payments and crypto regulation, including licensing, product development, and commercial partnerships. William Samengo-Turner co-heads the EMEA tech practice, advising fintech clients and investors on M&A and fundraising across all financing stages. Nikki Johnstone leads the payments practice, advising banks and crypto-asset firms on sectoral regulation, including AML and consumer protection. She has also supported UK Finance’s Stablecoin Working Group and CFIT’s Open Finance project. Jamie Greenwood and Elias Allahyari provide ongoing support on regulatory perimeter questions, licensing, incident response, and cross-border compliance.

Bringing a ‘passion for assisting early-stage fintech businesses‘, Ashurst‘s fintech regulatory practice advises global banks, financial institutions, technology companies, and high-growth fintech start-ups on digitalisation, regulatory change, and innovation across the financial ecosystem. The team supports clients with the regulatory aspects of matters involving digital assets, digital money, embedded finance, AI, and the evolution from open banking to open finance. As head of digital assets and innovation, Etay Katz leads the practice’s regulatory strategy and engagement with the FCA and HM Treasury, bringing in-depth expertise advising global financial institutions on prudential regulation. David Futter brings over 20 years of fintech experience, advising national governments and leading financial services firms on digital transactions, payments, and platform-based solutions. Bradley Rice co-heads the digital finance group, focusing on crypto, DLT, digital money, and operational resilience projects such as EU DORA and UK regulatory implementation. Fiona Ghosh joined the firm in 2024, enhancing the team’s capabilities in payments, deep tech, and fintech adoption.

Clifford Chance LLP’s fintech regulatory practice operates as part of the firm’s global tech group, advising clients from across industry sectors, including global financial institutions, cryptoasset service providers, and technology platforms. The group’s work spans regulatory strategy, licensing, product and software development, market infrastructure, M&A, litigation, and digital transformation initiatives. The team has established close working relationships with regulators, central banks, and industry bodies worldwide, contributing to the development of fintech regulatory frameworks and standards. Recent significant matters include reviewing AWS’s financial services terms for alignment with the EU’s Digital Operational Resilience Act (DORA), and guiding a crypto exchange on client asset and money rules impacting spot crypto settlements in the UK and Europe. The fintech team is co-led by Simon Crown, Paul Landless, and Diego Ballon Ossio. Crown also leads the global payments practice and serves on the City of London Law Society’s Regulatory Committee. Landless advises on technology and innovation in financial markets, including DLT, tokenisation, custody, and market infrastructure. Ballon Ossio was recently promoted to co-head of the fintech group, advising on high-profile regulatory and policy matters and contributing to public commentary on digital asset developments. Kate Scott specialises in financial services and technology litigation, advising fintech clients on complex disputes and regulatory follow-on matters. She focuses on managing contentious portfolios, defending collective data actions, and advising on civil risks linked to AI, crypto, data use, and cyber. Caroline Meinertz leads the London financial regulatory group, advising on the full range of financial regulation.

‘Consistently ahead of the curve in interpreting and applying complex regulatory developments,’ Latham & Watkins offers multidisciplinary legal support across the fintech ecosystem, spanning digital payments, cryptoassets, digital platforms, superapps, lending, Web3, and AI. The practice combines regulatory, commercial, and technology law expertise, advising clients at all stages of their lifecycle, from early-stage fintech startups to major tech firms and institutional investors. The group also plays a prominent role in regulatory policy discussions, engaging directly with UK regulators and contributing to industry consultations, including on the UK Crypto Roadmap and the Markets in Crypto-Assets (MiCA) regulation. The team’s most significant recent matters include advising leading global cryptocurrency exchange on obtaining the FCA-issued virtual asset service provider registration. Described as possessing a ‘deep understanding of the UK’s financial regulatory environment as it applies to blockchain, trading platforms, and broader crypto activity,‘ practice head Stuart Davis leads regulatory mandates across the sector, including platform structuring, market infrastructure, and digital asset compliance. As co-chair of the digital assets task force, Gabriel Lakeman advises C-suite executives and senior fintech business leaders on crypto regulation such as MiFID II and AIFMD, alongside payment systems rules including PSD2 and 3. Praised by clients as ‘technically superb and always composed‘,  Brett Carr advises central banks and investors on payments issues and e-money regulation. Emma Trankeenan supports digital investment platforms with regulatory engagement across cryptocurrency and open banking.

Linklaters LLP’s fintech regulatory practice advises a diverse range of clients, including financial institutions, digital challengers, crypto-asset firms, payments providers, and cutting-edge tech companies. The group has developed a multidisciplinary, cross-border team that covers the full fintech spectrum, with broad expertise encompassing cybersecurity, operational resilience, data protection, AI regulation, and litigation risks. The team also maintains close engagement with regulators such as the FCA, HMT, and PRA, and actively supports regulatory consultations and policy development, contributing to initiatives such as the UK Jurisdiction Taskforce’s statements on cryptoassets and digital securities. Global co-heads of fintech, Harry Eddis brings deep experience in financial regulation and platform authorisation, while Julian Cunningham-Day advises on complex technology arrangements and digital transformation strategies. Head of UK fintech Richard Hay is heavily involved in FMI and tokenisation projects, including digital bond issuances and cross-border payment systems. Michael Voisin contributes to thought leadership in clearing, settlement, and DeFi and serves on ICMA’s fintech advisory committee. Sam Quicke is also recommended.

Norton Rose Fulbright supports a range of clients — including exchanges, insurers, and international banks — with a uniquely blended legal, regulatory, and policy capability, advising clients across the fintech ecosystem, from established financial institutions to emerging start-ups, on matters including payments, cryptoassets, blockchain, central bank digital currencies, insurtech, regtech, AI, and DAOs. The team draws on industry and regulatory experience, including former roles at the FCA, PRA, and HM Treasury, and maintains close links with regulatory bodies and working groups. An expert at ‘translat[ing] complex regulatory frameworks into actionable strategies‘, Hannah Meakin leads the firm’s fintech regulatory practice. Chair of the City of London Law Society Regulatory Committee, her skillset includes advising on the regulatory issues raised by the use of blockchain and distributed ledger tech in relation to market infrastructure. Jonathan Herbst, global head of financial services regulation, advises both challenger and major international banks on critical regulatory, business, and criminal investigations. Katie Stephen  brings significant expertise advising banks, financial institutions, and payments providers on money laundering concerns, investigations, and whistleblowing matters. Matthew Gregory advises banks and fintechs on regulatory change and innovation, including on PSD2, sandboxes, and ESG-related e-money platforms.

Addleshaw Goddard‘s regulatory practice advises a broad spectrum of fintech clients, from banks and e-money institutions to crypto platforms and payment firms. The group advises on matters such as licensing, product development, cross-border structuring, regulatory engagement, and digital asset frameworks. The team also works closely with fintech startups through a dedicated accelerator programme and is active in shaping payments law and regulation in the UK. Bringing a ‘rare combination of deep technical expertise and commercial awareness,‘ Rebecca Hickman leads the firm’s payments work, advising leading technology companies and major banks on regulatory innovation and open banking. Grace Wyatt advises on stablecoins, tokenised deposits, and CBDCs, and works closely with the FCA and PSR. She frequently contributes to regulatory consultations and policy development. With an ‘ability to quickly grasp the nuances of complex legal and regulatory issues,‘ Lisa Lee Lewis specialises in financial crime, compliance frameworks, and governance, with a focus on cryptoasset businesses. She advises on MLR registration and authorisation, supporting clients with regulatory strategy, SMCR, and operational resilience.

Praised for its ‘unrivalled knowledge and experience of the complexities of regulation for innovative finance companies‘, CMS advises across licensing, perimeter analysis, financial promotions, payments, consumer finance, and digital assets regulation. The team supports clients ranging from start-ups to central banks and financial institutions, advising on digital assets, decentralised finance, AI, tokenisation, and embedded finance.  Sam Robinson, formerly at the FSA, advises across the financial services spectrum, with recent work covering the establishment of investment platforms, crypto trading exchanges, and advising on security token offerings and acquisitions of FCA-authorised firms. Charles Kerrigan advises on crypto, AI, and digital assets. His experience includes advising over 150 crypto clients and supporting DeFi, tokenisation, and NFT projects, as well as corporate finance transactions exceeding $5bn. Chris Glennie, previously lead payments lawyer at the Bank of England, advises on payment systems, stablecoins, and digital currency frameworks, and has advised on the renewal of the UK’s RTGS system.

Fox Williams LLP‘s fintech practice advises a wide spectrum of companies from early-stage start-ups to established market players. The practice sits across two of the firm’s core sectors, financial services and technology, and regularly supports cutting-edge tech fintech clients on product development, fundraising, regulatory compliance, investigations, and corporate growth. Leading the practice is Jonathan Segal, bringing rich expertise advising start-ups and disruptors, and a particular focus on growth-stage lending platforms. Chris Hill co-leads the disruptive technology group and brings deep experience in payments, e-money, and open banking. On the contentious side, Sona Ganatra co-heads the financial services department and leads the investigations practice, advising fintech clients facing FCA, SFO, and cross-border regulatory investigations.

The practice at gunnercooke LLP boasts a number of cryptoasset specialists, supporting a significant portion of successful UK FCA crypto registrations and providing a mix of regulatory, legal, and operational guidance. The team represents a diverse array of clients across payments, crypto exchanges and platforms, DeFi and DAO innovators, lenders, and fund managers, and has notably assisted in drafting the cryptoasset regulatory frameworks for several developing countries. Valued by clients for his ‘guidance and sage counsel‘, practice head James Burnie advises across financial services and contributes to key regulatory developments across the UK, EU, Africa, and Asia, including UK frameworks for DAOs. Kathryn Dodds focuses on DAOs, fundraising, and Web3 disputes, while Olga Antonova brings strong technical depth in blockchain corporate governance, licensing, and security token frameworks.

Able to ‘distil highly technical concepts into understandable advice and find a way forward,’ Paul Hastings LLP‘s London-based fintech regulatory practice advises on a broad spectrum of matters, including payments, cryptoassets, distributed ledger technology, and financial services compliance. The group counsels clients on the entire product lifecycle, ranging from product development and licensing to international expansion and acquisition strategy. The team works closely with the firm’s US and Asia offices, frequently assisting international clients with regulatory expansion, and matters concerning PSD2 compliance, AML, and digital market infrastructure developments. Practice leader Arun Srivastava  focuses on crypto and digital assets work. Nina Moffatt co-leads the group and advises on UK and EU regulatory compliance. Bhavesh Panchal focuses on crypto regulation and innovative payment platforms.

Travers Smith LLP’s fintech, market infrastructure, and payments group advises on transformative projects across payments, digital assets, and financial market infrastructure. The group’s work includes supporting start-ups and disruptors in developing cross-border payment technologies, advising not-for-profits involved with the UK’s interbank payment systems on payments architecture and regulatory reform, and advising leading digital asset players as well as custodians, exchanges, and incumbent financial institutions. The team also recently represented a leading international and cross-border money transfer and payment services firm in an FCA competition investigation into the money transfer sector. Mark Evans has advised on payments and FX innovation for nearly 30 years. He works closely with regulators and policymakers, contributing to Law Commission and Financial Markets Law Committee consultations on digital assets. Natalie Lewis leads the FMIP Group and is the principal adviser on major projects for domestic and cross-border payment and settlement systems. Matthew Humphreys advises on product launches and regulatory matters for fintechs and infrastructure clients, with experience in securities settlement, payments, and post-trade services.

Baker McKenzie LLP advises a wide range of fintech clients across the financial and technology sectors, with particular strength in financial services regulation and emerging technologies. The team supports a diverse client base, including financial institutions and global tech companies, throughout the business lifecycle, from market entry and authorisations to regulatory risk and cross-border expansion. The group often handles major cross-border fintech initiatives and is particularly active in blockchain and DLT projects, supporting structures that replace traditional financial methods with distributed models across banking, insurance, and wealth management. Mark Simpson advises leading fintech and financial institutions on UK and global regulatory issues, including business launches, compliance, and investigations. Sue McLean leads on blockchain and emerging tech matters, with experience in strategic tech transactions and regulatory compliance around AI, cloud, and digital assets.

With clients ranging from leading financial institutions to high-growth start-ups and tech-driven disruptors, Burges Salmon LLP’s fintech regulatory practice advises across financial services regulation, data protection, blockchain, AI, cybersecurity, employment, and payments. The team is particularly active in wealthtech, advising both established fund managers and emerging platforms on the development and operation of consumer-facing investment and wealth management propositions. Head of fintech and financial services, Martin Cook, leads the practice, with previous C-suite industry experience advising leading players across cryptoassets, payments, and AI regulation. Other key lawyers include fintech corporate specialist Charles Claisse, who joined the firm in early 2025, and Matt Jones, a director with deep regulatory and in-house compliance experience, equally comfortable advising on complex regulatory change and representing clients in contentious investigations.

Cooley (UK) LLP’s fintech regulatory practice frequently advises digital platforms and financial institutions on complex regulatory and compliance matters, supporting clients across areas including digital assets, blockchain, payments, tokenisation, and market infrastructure. Their regulatory services span authorisations and variations of permission, compliance with UK and EU regimes, and approvals for VC, M&A, and capital markets deals. Guadalupe Sampedro, a partner and former director of privacy at PayPal, leads on regulatory and data privacy issues in fintech and payments. Other key lawyers include technology transactions partner Chris Coulter , who brings over 20 years of experience advising fintechs on commercial and financial regulatory matters.

The fintech regulatory group at Eversheds Sutherland (International) LLP advises a broad range of clients, including leading fintechs, digital banks, major payment providers, financial institutions, and leading global banks. Key areas of expertise for the group include AI and GenAI deployment, blockchain and crypto-assets, operational resilience such as DORA implementation, cloud transformation, data protection, and payments regulation, including PSD2 and Open Banking. The team’s lawyers routinely guide fintechs through IPOs and market listings, and also work on the contentious side, advising on disputes arising from cyber breaches and fintech product failures. Key figures include practice head Craig Rogers, recently named co-chair of the firm’s global technology in financial services & fintech initiative in May 2025, and known for advising financial institutions on tech strategy and collaborations with fintechs. Simon Gamlin leads the global commercial team and brings deep experience in tech outsourcing and compliance with UK/EU outsourcing regimes, while Simon Lightman focuses on the transformation of financial services through AI and disruptive tech. Richard Jones leads the European Payment Services Group and is a leading expert on PSD2, currently advising on major payments initiatives.

Gibson, Dunn & Crutcher handles regulatory matters for a diverse client roster that ranges from cryptocurrency platforms to global corporations, covering international regulatory probes, licensing requirements, and business operations, both within and beyond regulatory frameworks. The practice is led by Michelle Kirschner, Alison Beal, and Joel Harrison. Kirschner, who co-chairs the firm's worldwide financial regulatory practice, works with a range of financial institutions and businesses in fintech. Beal is particularly noted for her track record in cross-border transactions, while Harrison's experience includes data protection and cybersecurity-related matters.

A key contact for a number of companies, institutional investors, fintech disruptors, and venture capital firms, Goodwin‘s London fintech team provides regulatory, transactional, and commercial advice to clients across the financial services and technology sectors. The practice regularly advises on cross-border VC financings, private equity investments, fintech M&A, commercial contracts, outsourcing, and regulatory compliance, particularly in payments, cryptoassets, and digital financial services. Andrew Henderson, co-head of the fintech and digital currency & blockchain practices, advises fintech companies, fund managers, and institutional investors on regulatory duties and interactions with UK and international regulators. Arvin Abraham, also practice co-head, focuses on advising venture and private equity funds, drawing on prior experience in banking as a member of the Bank of England’s Central Bank Digital Currency Engagement Forum. Gretchen Scott advises on technology transactions and UK/EU regulation, including AI, GDPR, and cybersecurity, supporting fintechs on data and IP matters.

Gowling WLG’s fintech practice advises clients from early-stage startups to listed funds on venture capital, debt and equity investments, intellectual property, platform structuring, smart contracts, and financial services regulation. The firm’s blockchain group advises on token offerings, digital wallets, and distributed ledger applications. The team handles IPOs, M&A, and restructurings for clients including VC firms, BNPL companies, e-commerce and payments firms, and financial institutions. Sushil Kuner, head of UK fintech, leads the firm’s fintech accelerator and advises on regulatory issues including payments, cryptoassets, AI in financial services, and perimeter guidance, ‘backed up by extensive experience working at the enforcement division of the FCA‘. David Brennan, co-chair of the global tech group, focuses on M&A, IPOs, and fundraising, and coordinates cross-border advice for global fintechs. Rebecca Burford, head of UK tech venture capital, advises fintech clients on early and growth-stage funding rounds.

 

Morgan, Lewis & Bockius UK LLP's fintech regulatory practice handles compliance, transactional, and commercial matters in financial services and tech. The team covers M&A, debt and equity financings, structured transactions, regulatory compliance, data privacy, and technology outsourcing. Clients include fintech developers, insurtech companies, private equity firms, and financial institutions on digital transformation and cross-border transactions. Recent work focuses on EU Digital Operational Resilience Act (DORA) compliance, supporting financial institutions and ICT service providers with implementation and contract design. Steven Lightstone, co-leader of the global fintech industry team, advises on UK and EU financial regulation, with a focus on fintech, blockchain, and payment services, working with a mix of investment banks, asset managers, fintech platforms, and institutional investors. Robert Mailer works with venture capital firms and fund managers investing in fintech and emerging technologies. Mike Pierides, global deputy leader of the technology transactions practice, leads on high-profile outsourcing and digital infrastructure deals.

 

Shoosmiths LLP‘s fintech regulatory practice combines financial services, data privacy, disputes, and emerging technology expertise. The team advises on payments, e-money, crypto, consumer finance, AI, and data protection for clients from start-ups to global enterprises. The regulatory team handles product structuring, FCA authorisations, and customer journey reviews in payments and consumer credit. Suzanne Taylor leads the regulatory team, advising on FCA compliance, product launches, and consumer law, working with consumer finance providers and telecoms platforms. Luke Stubbs co-heads the fintech service team and advises on commercial and strategic technology matters across financial services and payments. Daren Allen leads the practice’s contentious work, handling investigations, litigation, and enforcement actions, with recent mandates involving corporate governance, cyber breaches, and consumer duty compliance.

Sidley Austin LLP’s fintech regulatory practice advises a broad client base, including established financial institutions, global payment providers, crypto platforms, and high-growth fintechs, working on the full range of legal and regulatory challenges affecting the fintech ecosystem. Leonard Ng, a leading partner on regulatory matters in areas between payments and regulated investment activities, including FX derivatives and tokenised financial instruments, leads the team. Rachpal K. Thind brings specialist knowledge in anti-money laundering and sanctions compliance. Max Savoie and Tanaan Quek departed the firm in April and September 2025 respectively.

The fintech regulatory practice at Taylor Wessing LLP advises a mix of major payment firms, banks, and platforms on payments transactions, cryptocurrency, consumer credit, and financial infrastructure regulation. The team frequently handles novel, cross-border fintech issues, counselling firms and financial institutions, such as buy-now-pay-later providers, on consumer credit issues and UK/EU regulatory compliance. The team is led by partner Charlotte Witherington, who joined the firm in early 2024, and frequently acts for global investment banks, payment firms, and emerging tech companies. FSR partner Martin Dowdall brings deep expertise advising UK and EU clients on payment services and systems, cryptoasset regulation, and AML legislation, while Clare Reynolds leads on ecommerce and technology outsourcing and cloud regulation.

Alston & Bird LLP is active in blockchain regulatory work, including prediction markets, and regularly advises clients on emerging payment models, data privacy, and consumer protection across the UK, EU, and US. Clients include crypto-asset service providers, cloud-based web developers, payments and e-commerce start-ups, and banking disruptor firms. The team is co-led by the ‘client-focused and proactive‘ Jonathan Garforth, who advises on the full spectrum of fintech regulation, and Richard Willis, who brings over two decades of experience advising payments clients across global markets. Garforth continues to advise on credit, payments, and digital assets, including regulatory structuring for high-profile fintech-bank partnerships. Counsel Gupinder Assi advises on payments and crypto regulation, drawing on prior in-house experience at First Data.

Dentons‘ fintech practice combines financial regulatory and technology expertise to advise banks, non-traditional lenders, and fintech firms on payments, e-money, crypto, digital banking, and outsourcing. The practice draws on disputes, TMT, and commercial law capabilities, and has advised on open banking transitions with relationships across regulators, including the PSR and FCA. Recent matters include advising a payments firm on multi-jurisdictional regulatory compliance across 20+ countries, including FCA safeguarding, EMIR, and MiFID obligations, and supporting a fintech with regulatory structuring for international expansion across more than a dozen jurisdictions. Payments regulatory lead Greg McEneny leads the non-contentious financial regulatory team, advising on payments, crypto, and financial markets reform. As head of regulatory and investigations, Katharine Harle works closely with the FCA and major financial institutions. Recent additions Andrew Barber and Venetia Jackson bring deep regulatory experience, including prior roles at competitor firms and the FCA.

The fintech regulatory practice at Penningtons Manches Cooper LLP advises a wide range of fintech clients, including banks, financial institutions, payment service providers, and technology companies. The group supports clients through investment rounds, product launches, cross-border regulatory compliance, and disputes, including regulatory investigations and enforcement by the FCA. The team is active in digital asset litigation, advising on disputes involving crypto assets and NFTs, and frequently acts for both individual and corporate clients. Teja Picton-Howell leads the financial services regulatory practice and has over 35 years’ experience advising on UK, EU, and global financial regulation. Charlotte Hill, head of the digital assets team, specialises in crypto-asset disputes and regularly advises on high-value cross-border litigation in financial services and civil fraud. Joanne Vengadesan specialises in data protection and digital business, regularly advising on blockchain platforms and cybersecurity.

Pinsent Masons LLP advises UK and international fintechs, financial institutions, and technology companies on a wide range of legal and regulatory matters relating to financial services technology. The group is active in areas such as open banking, digital identity, AI, and strategic collaboration between banks and fintechs, often contributing to industry policy through involvement with groups such as UK Finance, and the Centre for Finance, Innovation and Technology (CFIT). Yvonne Dunn leads the fintech and financial services TMT practice, working on strategic outsourcing and IT transformation projects for clients including major UK banks. Angus McFadyen focuses on financial services regulation and technology, advising on complex global fintech transactions, AI in fraud prevention, and digital identity initiatives. Luke Scanlon, head of fintech propositions, advises on open banking, data sharing, and AI regulation, and has played a role in FCA-backed regtech pilot projects.

Reed Smith LLP‘s fintech regulatory practice advises clients across the full spectrum of transactional and regulatory matters in the space, including blockchain, digital assets, payments, lending, cybersecurity, venture capital, and data protection. Clients include major financial institutions and early-stage companies, from asset managers and fintech investors to analytics and AI companies. The group’s work includes handling operational resilience and third-party risk matters, advising on regulatory perimeter issues, product launches, and multi-jurisdictional compliance. Claude Brown brings experience in derivatives, fintech regulation, and ESG financial risk. Brett Hillis advises on complex regulatory issues, including market abuse, sanctions, and fintech-related compliance. Romin Dabir has a particular focus on advising alternative fund managers, with a specialism in the formation, structuring, and marketing of funds.

Skadden, Arps, Slate, Meagher & Flom (UK) LLP handles international regulatory issues and demonstrates particular strength in guiding blockchain and digital asset clients through UK and global regulatory and securities frameworks. The team is led by Simon Toms, who has deep expertise in cryptoasset regulation. Joseph Kamyar's capabilities span both transactions and corporate governance matters related to fintechs. Sebastian Barling joined the team from Linklaters in May 2024 to lead the firm's UK and EU financial institutions regulatory practice.

Slaughter and May

The fintech regulatory practice at Wiggin LLP advises a range of fintech clients across payments, AI, blockchain, and Web3, combining regulatory, commercial, and technology expertise. The practice advises clients such as global business management solutions, Web3 accelerators, payments software firms, and AI risk platforms. The firm provides support across corporate transactions, technology, and data commercialisation, advising on compliance with UK, EU and international financial regulations and smart contract advisory. Typical work includes advising on structuring investment, licensing, and distribution agreements for fintech and digital platforms, often operating across multiple jurisdictions. Jason Fisher leads the team’s international regulatory and transactional work, with expertise in payments and gambling. Marcus Bagnall is praised for his ‘practical, no-hype advice on NFTs, tokenisation, and DeFi risks‘, advising software and tech clients on the regulatory and commercial aspects of blockchain, AI, token offerings, and digital payments.